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Filler metals
Thin material manufacturing is a large part of the industry in the US This includes various shapes of tubing, angles and flat sheets, typically 24 gauge up to about 3/16-inch thick and usually manufactured from stainless steel, carbon steel, galvanised or aluminium. To determine the best welding process, shielding gas and electrode to use, start by reviewing the application. What is the base material type, thickness, condition or cleanliness, welding position, available welding equipment and welder skill? Bear in mind the need for proper personal protective equipment, which is important when welding stainless or galvanised steel.
When welding thin material, the goal is to minimise distortion and spatter, prevent burn-through and produce a sound weld with adequate fusion.
Here are the best practices for welding thin materials to ensure a good quality joint:
For plain carbon steel applications, you have many options. For the thinnest material up to about 14 gauge, try using the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process in short-circuiting transfer (SCT) mode with a 0.023-inch diameter E70-S2, S3 or S6 classification filler metal and 75 per cent argon/25 per cent CO2?shielding gas. On 14-gauge to 3/16-inch material, consider using a 0.030-inch diameter filler metal.
Another potential option is to use pulsed GMAW with a high argon-content shielding gas, such as 95 per cent argon/5 per cent CO2?or argon/oxygen. Equipment capable of performing pulsed GMAW is more expensive but provides highly appealing benefits. Pulsed welding allows for increased control over the welding arc, offers a wide range of operating parameters and generates low spatter.
When welding in SCT mode, you should use either a slight drag or a neutral gun angle relative to the direction of travel, which should produce a low amount of spatter. For pulsed welding, push or drag the weld puddle to determine which produces the best bead appearance. Please note that you should not back-step into the puddle, as this negates the pulse feature.
Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) is another option, although it is not ideal because it produces a protective slag layer that needs to be removed after welding. It has lower deposition efficiency rates compared to GMAW and produces greater levels of smoke and weld spatter. Again, using a small-diameter electrode will help keep the heat input down. This process is most beneficial for job-site welding, where you can use a self-shielded, flux-cored wire. No external shielding gas is required, and most of the wires run in direct-current electrode negative, meaning most of the heat is generated in the filler metal wire and not the base material. GMAW, on the other hand, is direct-current electrode positive, which generates most of the heat in the base material.
The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process works great for low-volume or high-quality welding applications. The benefits of this process include high-quality welds, no spatter and the best fusion possible. In some cases, a filler metal is not necessary; the joint fit-up will determine this. Bear in mind, this process does require a greater degree of operator skill. To help minimise distortion, use a small tungsten electrode, such as 3/32-inch diameter, and grind it to a fine point in the direction parallel to the length of the tungsten. It is best to use 100 per cent argon for shielding gas.
For some applications, you may need to use shielded metal arc welding on the joints. Be sure to choose a small-diameter electrode, use low amperage and maintain a fast travel speed to produce an all-around good weld in the flat and horizontal positions. If you can weld only in the vertical position, increase your welding amperage by approximately 25 per cent and weld in the vertical-down progression. This requires some practice, but it can produce a good weld. The more commonly used method is to weld in the vertical up position, but this isn't ideal for thin metal.
Stainless steel will use similar welding techniques and strategies as carbon steel. The preferred method is pulsed GMAW, but if SCT is the only available option, increase the inductance of the power source (if possible) to increase weld puddle control.
The main difference is matching the proper filler metal to the base metal. When welding 304 stainless steel, use a 308 filler metal, and for 316 stainless, use a 316 filler metal. For welding stainless steel to carbon steel, use a 309 filler metal. The appropriate shielding gas mixtures for stainless steel GMAW are high in argon content, such as 98 per cent argon/2 per cent oxygen or CO2. Tri-mixes and even quad-mixes that use other gases like nitrogen or helium are available, but they are not cheap. Make sure you review your application and determine what is necessary. FCAW on stainless and carbon steel requires either 100 per cent CO2?or a 75 per cent argon/25 per cent CO2?blend.
When welding aluminium, pre-weld joint preparation is important. All welding processes benefit from a clean weld joint, but aluminium is unique in that it has a heavy oxide layer that has a higher melting point than the base material. Preparing the joint by wire brushing or grinding off the oxide layer and using a solvent to clean it will make the welding easier and produce a cleaner weld.
The commonly used aluminium grades typically require either an ER4043/ER4047 or ER5356 filler metal. Make sure you match your filler metal to the base material. For GMAW, shielding gas blends with at least 50 per cent helium and an argon balance work very well but are also expensive. If that is a concern, you can use 100 per cent argon. For GTAW, use 100 per cent argon and a small-diameter, 2 per cent cerium tungsten electrode.
Galvanised welding will follow some of the same guidelines as welding carbon steel, except when dealing with the zinc layer on the surface, which is not conducive to the welding process and typically produces welds with porosity and poor bead appearance. If you are using GMAW, choose a shielding gas with high CO2?content, such as the 75 per cent argon/25 per cent CO2?blend. Carbon dioxide is an active gas, meaning it assists in the cleaning action of the weld puddle and can help prevent porosity. Additionally, using slightly higher voltage and slower travel speeds can give adequate time for the welding puddle to de-gas and for the weld toes to tie in more smoothly.
Another option is to use a smaller-diameter flux-cored wire, such as a dual-shield type. This wire uses an inner flux to produce a protective slag layer, and a shielding gas to clean and protect the solidifying weld puddle. Since this process has two methods of cleaning, it may produce the best bead appearance and weld quality even though it has lower deposition efficiencies.
While we did not cover every application, scenario or base material, this information should give you a good starting point.